\begin{table}[htbp!] \centering \begin{threeparttable} \caption{Sample characteristics: Survey of non-adopters} \begin{tabular} {l c c c} \toprule & Overall & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Responded}\\ \cmidrule(lr){2-2} \cmidrule(lr){3-4} Frequency in category (\%) & (1) & (2) No & (3) Yes \\ \hline  \multicolumn{4}{l}{\textit{Nudge effectiveness}} \\ %
\hspace{1em}Max $ t{\geq}1.96$ & 74.19 & 83.33 & 72.00 \\
\hspace{1em}Max treatment effect $\geq 1$ pp. & 70.97 & 83.33 & 68.00 \\ \\ \multicolumn{4}{l}{\textit{Organizational features}} \\ %
\hspace{1em}City certified by What Works Cities & 64.52 & 16.67 & 76.00* \\
\hspace{1em}City staff member from trial retained & 58.06 & 33.33 & 64.00 \\
\hspace{1em}Partner city dept. in charge of implementing & 83.87 & 83.33 & 84.00 \\
\hspace{1em}Senior city staff on trial (Director/Chief) & 51.61 & 16.67 & 60.00 \\ \\ \multicolumn{4}{l}{\textit{Experimental design}} \\ %
\hspace{1em}Communication pre-existed before trial & 12.90 & 16.67 & 12.00 \\
\hspace{1em}Nudge communication uses Simplification & 48.39 & 66.67 & 44.00 \\
\hspace{1em}Nudge communication uses Personal Motivation & 70.97 & 83.33 & 68.00 \\
\hspace{1em}Nudge communication uses Social Cues & 54.84 & 50.00 & 56.00 \\ \\ \multicolumn{4}{l}{\textit{Policy area}} \\ %
\hspace{1em}Revenue collection \& debt repayment & 25.81 & 50.00 & 20.00 \\
\hspace{1em}Registration \& regulation compliance & 19.35 & 33.33 & 16.00 \\
\hspace{1em}Workforce \& education & 19.35 & 16.67 & 20.00 \\
\hspace{1em}Take-up of benefits and programs & 12.90 & 0.00 & 16.00 \\
\hspace{1em}Community engagement & 9.68 & 0.00 & 12.00 \\
\hspace{1em}Health & 9.68 & 0.00 & 12.00 \\
\hspace{1em}Environment & 3.23 & 0.00 & 4.00 \\ \\ \multicolumn{4}{l}{\textit{Medium}} \\ %
\hspace{1em}Physical letter & 32.26 & 50.00 & 28.00 \\
\hspace{1em}Email & 29.03 & 16.67 & 32.00 \\
\hspace{1em}Postcard & 32.26 & 33.33 & 32.00 \\
\hspace{1em}Text message & 16.13 & 0.00 & 20.00 \\
\hspace{1em}Website & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 \\ \hline
Number of trials & 31 & 6 & 25 \\
\bottomrule \end{tabular} \label{tab:sumstats_survey} \begin{tablenotes} \footnotesize \item This table shows the frequencies of trials for each category listed in the leftmost column. Column 1 shows the frequences for all trials that had a treatment effect size $\ge1$ pp. or $ t\text{-stat}>1.96$ but were not adopted by the city. Columns 2 and 3 show the frequencies separately for cases when the did or did not city respond to the survey for Figure 10. \item *Asterisk indicates that the $ p\text{-value}$ of the difference{$<$}0.05. Standard errors are clustered by city. Except when there are fewer than 5 trials in one of the $ 2{\times}2$ cells, $ p\text{-values}$ are calculated using the two-sided Fisher's exact test instead. \end{tablenotes} \end{threeparttable} \end{table}
